Dr. Juan Santos Fernández Hernández. Eminente Oftalmólogo matancero / Dr. Juan Santos Fernández Hernández. Eminent Matanzas Ophthalmologist

El doctor Juan Santos Fernández Hernández, una de las más prominentes figuras médicas de Cuba, destacado en la medicina y cirugía oftalmológica, realizó, por primera vez en la Isla, complejas operaciones oftálmicas. Fue autor de un gran número de artículos e informes científicos y es considerado uno de los más prolíficos autores cubanos del siglo XIX. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir mediante una síntesis biográfica los principales logros del Dr. Juan Santos Fernández Hernández. El nombre de este galeno aparece entre las personalidades médicas cubanas más distinguidas de todos los tiempos por su saber y su civismo, por su abnegación y perseverancia, por su valiosa contribución al progreso de la ciencia y la cultura nacional (AU).

Doctor Juan Santos Fernandez Hernandez is one of the most prominent medical figures in Cuba, outstanding in ophthalmological medicine and surgery. He made, for the first time on the Island, complex ophthalmic operations. He was the author of a large number of articles and scientific reports and is considered one of the most prolific Cuban authors of the nineteenth century. The objective of this work is to describe through a biographical synthesis, the main achievements of Dr. Juan Santos Fernandez Hernandez. The name of this doctor appears among the most distinguished Cuban medical personalities of all times due to his knowledge and his civics, for his dedication and perseverance, for his valuable contribution to the progress of national science and culture (AU).

Apuntes históricos de la práctica de la Oftalmología en Matanzas / Historical notes about Ophthalmology' practice in Matanzas

Se narran los sucesos históricos más relevantes de la práctica de la especialidad de Oftalmología en la provincia de Matanzas y los relacionados con la formación de profesionales a partir de la década del 70 del siglo XX. Al utilizar el método de la narración histórica, se propició la reflexión sobre los propios acontecimientos y su relación con el contexto socio-económico al momento en que estos se produjeron; destacándolos como los antecedes y factores favorecedores del desarrollo de la Oftalmología en Matanzas. Este trabajo se realizó no sólo para narrar de manera cronológica la historia desde los inicios y creciente práctica local de la especialidad, sino también, como a manera de testimonio para las actuales y futuras generaciones, de cómo tributaron los profesionales, las instituciones y los propios eventos, al avance científico y al impacto social de la especialidad en Matanzas. Se concluye, que el comienzo del esplendor de la práctica de la Oftalmología en la provincia de Matanzas, se enmarca a la década del 70 del siglo pasado; y a los inicios del siglo XXI al de mayor desarrollo acumulado. Todo este salto de calidad en el tiempo y en el espacio, ha sido posible, gracias a las políticas de salud y educacionales implementadas por el Ministerio de Salud Pública del país (AU).

The authors recount the most relevant historical facts of the Ophthalmology practice in the province of Matanzas and those related to professionals´ training from the seventies of the XX century. Using the method of historical recount helped the reflection on the proper facts and their relation to the socio-economic context at the moment they took place, highlighting them as antecedents and factor favoring the development of Ophthalmology in Matanzas. The current paper was written not only to recount in a chronological way the history from the beginning and growing local practice of the specialty, but also as a testimony for the current and future generations to know how the professionals, institutions and events contributed to the scientific advance and to the social impact of the specialty in Matanzas. It is concluded that the beginning of the splendor of Ophthalmology practice in the province of Matanzas falls within the decade of the seventies of the past century, and the beginning of the XXI century is the time of the bigger accumulated development. All this quality jump in the time and space has been possible thanks to health and educational politics implemented by the Ministry og Public Health of the country (AU).

Cirugía de los anejos oculares en la obra de Galeno / Ocular adnexa surgery in Galen's Works

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La cirugía ocular en el Corpus hippocraticum / Ocular surgery in Hippocratic corpus

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Surgical treatment of the cancer of the optic nerve and orbit. An historical overview.

Introduction: Aim of the present study is to present an historical overview of the surgical techniques introduced for the treatment of the cancer of the optic nerve and orbit.Methods: From the late 19th and early twentieth century there were introduced many novel surgical techniques for the treatment of the cancer of the optic nerve and orbit. The majority of these techniques concerned for the cure of orbital malignance, while optic nerve cancer many times was treated by enucleation of the eyeball.Results: Except of the extraction of the malignant tumors the surgeons of the time tried to present the best aesthetic result, fact which points the progress of the surgery those years.Conclusions: Many of the techniques introduced those years are still in use.

Tadeusz Krwawicz, MD: The inventor of cryosurgery in ophthalmology.

Tadeusz Krwawicz (1910-1988) pioneered the use of cryosurgery in, as ophthalmology. The idea arose in 1959 while experimenting because on lyophilization to store corneas and lenses for transplantation it was difficult to remove the lens without damage the capsule was usually torn. Subsequent experiments on rabbits revealed that touching the lens with a wire cooled to 203°K (-70°C) resulted in firm attachment of the lens capsule and subcapsular masses. A cryoextractor was developed and employed for clinical use in cataract extraction, likewise in intumescent cataracts and lens subluxation. Cataract surgery utilizing cryoextraction led to substantial progress to ophthalmology by reducing the number of complications, particularly capsule rupture, and resulted in achieving better outcome compared to other methods. This surgery soon and for almost 20 years became a routine method used all around the world in cataract removal. Simultaneously, Krwawicz developed techniques for corneal refractive surgery-partial lamellar removal of the corneal stroma and temporary interlaminar introduction of a plastic disk in order to change the corneal curvature. Krwawicz presented other ophthalmic interests-his research concerned immunology, histology, histochemistry, biochemistry of ocular tissue, and mainly corneal and experimental surgery with a particular focus on the pathology of the cornea.

Philip Henry Mules (1843-1905) and his innovations in ocular surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study is to present an historical overview of the innovations in ocular surgery introduced by the very important surgeon, but mainly unknown, Philip Henry Mules (1843-1905). METHODS: Philip Henry Mules introduced the Mules' evisceration operation and the Mules' ptosis operation. He also invented surgical instruments such as Mules' scoop, Mules' repository, and Mules' enucleation scissors. He was interested also in ocular infection. RESULTS: Many of the innovations in ocular surgery introduced by Philip Henry Mules are still in use. CONCLUSIONS: Philip Henry Mules (1843-1905) was a respectable English ophthalmologist, who despite his short life, only 62-years-old, his innovations in ocular surgery were considered a breakthrough in the late nineteenth century, because in almost every textbook of ophthalmology they were cited and deserved a great merit.

Blefaroplastia en la obra de Aulo Cornelio Celso / Blepharoplasty in the works of Aulo Cornelio Celso

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Historia breve de la cirugía de la cavidad anoftálmica y los implantes orbitarios / A brief history of the anophthalmic socket surgical technique and orbital implants

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Professor Sergei Semjonovic Golovin (1866-1931): A Pioneer of Ocular Surgery.

Professor Sergei Semjonovic Golovin (1866-1931) is considered as one of the founders of ophthalmology in Russia. He received a worldwide reputation thanks to his achievements in ocular surgery and pathology. He introduced new surgical techniques such as Golovin's operation (Exenteratio orbitosinualis), Golovin's osteoplastic frontal sinus operation, ligation of orbital veins, and opticociliary neurectomy. He also introduced his "cytotoxic theory" to interpret sympathetic ophthalmia. He was a reputable professor of ophthalmology.

A chronicle of surgical thinking and doing for exotropia: innovations and rediscoveries.

PURPOSE: To review the evolution of theories and practices concerning surgery for exotropia over the last approximately 200 years. METHODS: Major ophthalmology texts and relevant references were reviewed to discover experience and thinking concerning the causes of comitant intermittent and constant exotropia and corrective surgical approaches. RESULTS: The concept that excessive divergence is the cause of comitant exotropia has given way to one recognizing that this disorder is a position of rest modified by convergence. Some operations discarded as unreliable or dangerous remain so today. Others continue to be well accepted, whether or not relating to advances in understanding of this condition. Several procedures practiced at former times have regained popularity. CONCLUSIONS: Concern for the characteristics of extraocular muscle structure and function has led to surgical thinking that goes beyond consideration only of direction and magnitude of deviation. Sophisticated devices now provide heretofore unavailable information consistent with this new approach. The history of progress in surgery for exotropia is mixed. Although some procedures now employed are new, others currently in favor had been well known and formerly utilized by ophthalmologists for many decades. These should be regarded as rediscoveries or revivals rather than as novel. This review also suggests a need to address how to better report retrospective studies.